Acid Mine Drainage

Acid mine drainage is just one of the many problems of AML. Mines fill up with water and spill over into local watersheds, or water seeps through former mining sites contaminating the water. 

 

The EPA classifies AMD as being characterized by one or more of the following:

• Low pH ( high acidity)
  
• High metal concentration (usually iron, aluminum and manganese)
  
• Elevated sulfate levels 
  
• Excessive suspended solids 

Acid mine drainage can cause streams to die with no active fish, or insect life, and stunted plant growth. AMD can also lead to orangish colored water (with the iron), and sometimes even metallic (with the aluminum). 

Measures are being taken by local groups in conjunction with the EPA to clean up local watersheds. These projects are know as Abandoned Mine Drainage Abatement and Treatment plans (AMDAT). 

Raccoon Creek Watershed

"The Raccoon Creek Watershed Partnership is neat. It's a non-profit and agency partnership, but it's not an adversarial relationship it is a collaboration to improve the watershed's quality."- Ben McCament, Raccoon Watershed Coordinator. 

Raccoon Creek Watershed Partnership originally began in the 1980s with concerned citizens. In the early 90s the citizen group paired up with state agencies to take action. Since the partnership formed they have completed 10 projects from $7 million in grant funding.

The partnerships main focus is to restore the main stem of Raccoon Creek, as well as the main stem of Little Raccoon Creek. In hopes of restoring the creek the partnership divided the area into three sections, the headwaters, middle basin, and Little Raccoon Creek. Each section has multiple projects to restore the water as it enters the main stem.

Whenever beginning a new project lots of monitoring and studying takes place, and all treatment options are considered. They average 350 water samplings a year, as well as  fish monitoring and habitat monitoring, totally about  2-3 months of observation.

"We have limited resources so we want to make the best choice, which will help the stream with the most recovery," said McCament. 

The idea way to combat AMD is to fill in underground mines so water can no longer seep through them. When that isn't an option due to money and resources, there are a variety of treatments the Raccoon Creek Partnership uses. 

One the partnership treat AMD is by building steel slags. A pond will is built containing steel slag ( a byproduct of mating steel) above the source of acid mine drainage. This decreases the waters acidity before the AMD point. This will neutralize the water once the two combine before the stream runs into the creek. 

Another similar treatment is limestone ponds. The pond filled with limestone will be placed below a contaminated area and the water will flow it decreasing in acidity. The water will then flow through a second pond where clumped metals will be deposited before the stream flows again towards the main stem. 

Other treatment methods the partnership employs are wetlands- the biological activity with in then decreases the water acidity. The final treatment employed by Raccoon Creek is a doser. The doser is the only active treatment in Ohio and it involves directly adding chemicals to the water to neutralize it. 

"All streams are worth restoring and protecting. Raccoon Creek is one of the largest creeks (actually a river) with lots of resources and public land. It has a large potential for recover. The creek hasn't been completely destroyed," said McCament. 

A stream is considered restored when it meets the EPA bio criteria for water.
McCament estimates that the partnership has about a dozen more priority projects, totally at least another 20 years of work and $10 million. 

*Raccoon Creek only deals with abandoned mines, mines before 1977, mines since then have had to take care of cleaning up after themselves. 

Other Local AMDAT Projects

Federal Valley Watershed Group 
Monday Creek Restoration Project 
Sunday Creek Watershed

This is a picture of  the Cardondale Doser the only active treatment used in the state of Ohio. It's located in the headwaters of the creek. Each day it dispenses 1/2 ton of chemicals. It holds a total of about 7 tons.
Dissolved aluminum in the acidic water precipitates as a solid flocculent when the water from the mine is exposed to oxygen. This chemical reaction typically occurs when the pH is above 4.5 (Raccoon Creek Partnership description.)

The upper Oreton Valley is blocked by abandoned surface mile spoil. The AMD water then flows down into the lower wetland before entering Pierce Run. Some of the Iron is store in this wetland but the majority is flushed into Pierce Run. ( Raccoon Creek Partnership description.)

(Information from Ben McCament Raccoon Watershed Coordinator, and from the EPA site. Pictures courtesy of the Raccoon Creek Partnership.) 

A Coal Miner's Story

Stan Wires spent 25 years underground working in the darkness of coal mine. He shares what it was like to be a miner at Southern Ohio Coal Meigs Mine No. 2.  

During his 25-year employment with the mine Stan worked as a trainee, a general inside labourer, rock duster, on the retreating longwall, and as a shuttle car operator.  

Day to Day

Each day at the mine began by getting dressed in the wash house. Each miner had a helmet with light, a belt and battery pack, and a canister of W-65 , totaling about 15lbs of equipment.

Depending on where the miner was working next they'd either wait for a supervisor to tell them where to report to, or they'd go directly to their section. Before entering the mine however each miner would place a numbered tag on the wall to represent them as being inside the mine.

Men would then take the tram to their destinations, sometimes riding in a car for 45-minutes. Once at their destination the miners would sit have some coffee and then begin their day.

Then the miners would go to the face to work. Working until it was time to eat, flooding out to lunch (someone would come replace one person, and they’d eat and then replace someone else, doing the same all the way down through).

During the shift if things would break down miners would be dispersed to go and do different things, brace walls and other stuff.

Shifts ranged anywhere from 8-10 hours a day. Men would finish their day by showering in the bathhouse were they began their morning (sometimes evening depending on the shift). 

Retreating Longwall

Working on the longwall Stan would place the continuous miner down and cut about 1400ft into the wall of coal, then cut across it. Along with the other miners he'd put the shields up (hydraulic shields) start cutting the base. 

"On the long wall when cutting you only cut so far and then the top falls in. That’s why they’d call it the thunder from down under," said Stan.  

Rock Duster

As a rock duster  Stan would shoot water to pulverize limestone to keep the mine from exploding.

"That was a gassy mine.  Two hundred million cubic feet of methane come out come out in 24-hours," and Stan.    

Methane gas naturally has no smell ( smell is added when put into a home), so it can be a silent killer inside a mine.

Accidents

While working at No. 2 Stan experienced a few different accidents inside the mine.

"One time working on the east long wall, a guy got injured about ten feet from me," said Stan.  "He was never any good after that, a post hit him on the side of the head, and crippled him." 

Another time working on a long wall a man got covered up when the top fell and Stan had to dig him out. The man was lucky Stan said, just breaking his pelvis and shoulder.

Stan himself never got seriously injured, but a few times was knocked unconscious. 

A Wife's Worries 
" A coal miner wife's biggest fear is that her husband isn't coming back,"- Carolyn Wires

Carolyn Wires, Stan's wife, is the child of a second generation coal miner, and she knows just how dangerous coal mines can be.

Wires' grandfather, an immigrant from Italy, came to America in the early days of coal mining. Her grandfather worked daily with just a pick and bucket to remove coal from the seam. Ponies then carted the coal out of the mines." My grandfather lost his finger in the chains of one of the pony carts," said Carolyn.

In addition to the physical rigors or coal mining, Carolyn always heard about the silent killer, gas, through stories about the canaries down in the mine. (Canaries used to be kept in cages, and everyday if they were still alive the miners would know that the mine wasn't too gaseous to work in that day.) 

In 1975 when Stan began working at the mine Wires understood what her husband was getting into. "I knew my husband was going into a dangerous occupation, so I would stay up late at night until he came home," she said.

"Coal mining can provide a good source of income, but no one wants to stay in it forever," said Wires.

Fun No. 2 Info

No. 2 Facts

When Stan started working at No.2 it was owned by AEP Power, when he retired the mine was owned by Consol Energy. 

There were usually 175-200 men per shift, with 600 union men working for the company. The mine was a larger one that had 14 sections and 3 long walls.

Clocking in is measured from portal to portal.  How long it would take you to get in and out of the mine, would be how long you worked. " If it took 30 mins in the mine, 20 mins to get there 20 mins to get out, they pay u for 70 minutes. You come in the portal and go out the portal," said Stan. 

Every 90 days a different group of men have to practice going to the mines escapes,  similar to a fire drill, but for mining accidents. 

Following the Seam 

Depending on how close to the surface the mine went sometimes people's ponds would drain straight into the mine

New Employees

For the first 90 days on the job a new miner has to wear a green helmet with a sticker to identify him as new to the mine. This person is not allowed to be out of sight of a supervisor, operate any heavy machinery, or pick up any power cords until their 90 days were up. 

Nicknames
Inside the mine the miners went by a variety of nicknames;

• Normy
  
• Sledge Hammer
  
• Turtle
  
• Flash
  
• Goo
  
• Snork
  
• Magoo
  
• Pork
  
• Hoggy

"Nicknames were taken seriously. One guy got hurt and had to be life flighted to Columbus and on the helicopter when he was asked what his name was he said 'Too Tall,' refused to go by his real name," said Stan.  

(Information from Stan Wires and his wife Carolyn.)

Abandon Mine Land

Abandon Mine Land (AML) is a serious issue in Southeast Ohio.  Prior to coal regulations, mines were not properly mapped, maintained, or reclaimed (cleaned up after). This has lead to large numbers of abandon mines, covering acres above and below ground. 

Problems with Abandon Mine Land

1. Mine Openings

Older mine openings may have not been adequately sealed, or sealed at all. These opening can be hazardous. Not only falling into a mine is dangerous, but exploring one can be as well. Mines can have poisonous gases, unstable roofs, flooded sections, and are pitch black.

2.Land slides

Gob piles, spoil banks, and mine slopes can often become unstable. These areas then have the potential to become a land slide due to steep hills, or water saturation. The slides can cover roads and block streams causing flooding. 

3.Highwalls
Highwalls occur during surface mining when the coal seam is exposed. The highwall can resemble a cliff and can be extremely dangerous if it isn't covered over to remove the free fall.

4.Acid Mine Drainage

(more in a later post)

5.Subsidence 

Subsidence is when houses, and other dwellings undergo damage due to an underground mine collapse. 

In Athens County it is mandatory to have subsidence insurance coverage. This coverage can be obtained through a homeowners insurance company and is a $1 annual premium for  the residence. 

Its important for residents to know about AML before building a house in the area. The DNR has composed a guide of things to learn before building. 

The Department of Natural Resources in Ohio has devised an interactive map (may have to disable pop-up blocker, and agree to terms of use) to see where underground mines are. 

(information from the Ohio DNR)

From the Sky

Ohio University's Bush airport uses physical features created by the mining industry as markers of reference for their students.

This is a map located in the hanger at the Bush Airport for students to reference. The stripmines are labeled on the map as well as east and west of the coal ponds.


This is the same map with images that the pilots would see from the plane. The white in the pictures is the plane wing. These pictures were taken almost directly above the locations.

More pictures of the strip mines from the air. The picture was taken approaching the strip mine, 2,000 feet in the air.

If you look closely at the coal pond's edge you can see orange from the iron, commonly called yellow boy, begin to form.

(pictures from the planes taken courtesy of Jordan Criswell- aviation student) 

Appalachian Spring Festival

The 7th annual Little Cities of the Black Diamonds Appalachian Spring Festival took place May 9, 2009. The event is held each year in the Eclipse Company Town outside of Athens.

State Senator Jimmy Stewart spoke at the beginning of this year's event. The senator, who shared that coal put bread on his table growing up, came out to honor the efforts of the group in preserving the area's history.

Little Cities of the Black Diamonds is a local organization that promotes the preservation of the mining community, and towns in the area. They have published books about the coal industries' history, and are working on an ongoing miners registry. The Little Cities also offers guided history tours of the area. Through their promotions the organization hopes to keep traditions alive and enrich the future of the region.

After all the opening speeches, the celebration began a ribbon cutting ceremony for the newly restored company store. Inside the store people were able to enjoy food, and participate in an auction with money going to benefit the Little Cities.

The "Voices of the Little Cities" performed two different voice documentaries, stories retold from written accounts of historians, newspapers, and people who lived in the region. One performance featured storied of the women who lived in the coal towns. The other told the stories of the labor movement, and formation of unions in the Hocking Valley that eventually lead to national unions.

The event also featured booths of local artisans, and historical authors. Wayne National Forest was of the many booths, as participants of Little Cities of the Forest. There was also a group of Ohio University students attending the event to promote and raise money for their class project- getting a historical marker placed in the coal town of Rendville, Ohio.

The event had a large attendance with over 100 people, and was fun for all ages.

New Straitsville Fire

Set in 1884 by striking miners, a coal fire has raged beneath southeast Ohio for 125 years.

Understanding the Motives: The Strike

The Hocking Valley strike of 1884 affected the entire region. Hundreds of minors were out of work, and scabs were being brought in to do their jobs.

In order to protect to the non-union workers Pickerington Guards (hired mercenaries) were hired to guard the mines.

One fall evening to show how tough the guards were and to intimidate the striking miners, guards fired guns openly on the main street of New Straitsville.

Families were being evicted and had no food, men were of work for months, and now open intimidation was occurring on the streets, the miners of New Straitsville were fed up.

The Fire's Set

In September 1884 a group of men meet inside Robinson's Cave, a place where miners often gathered to discuss the strike, and decided if they couldn't work then no one could work.

The miners doused coal cars of wood in kerosene and other flammable material, lit them and pushed them into the mine. Fires were sent into six different mine entries, and a tipple was burnt to the ground.

The only eye witness accounts of the events held six unidentifiable men responsible, but there could have been more.

( Voice documentary by Voices of the Little Cities' Kevin Vaught. Performance from the 7th Annual Appalachian Spring Festival May 9, 2009)

The Aftermath

Once the fires were found, attempts to put them out were futile. In the 1930s the federal government once again attempted to extinguish the blaze with no success.

The fire has destroyed 100 of tons of coal, created sink holes, and leaked gas and steam from the ground.

Today the fire still burns beneath "Wayne National Forest."
Occasional sink holes can be found, with steam seeping up from the ground.

Fire Trivia

• The fire is often referred to as "the Devil's Oven"
  
• The New Straitsville fire was featured on the Ripley's Believe it or Not radio show, with a broadcast from the town.
• During the 1800's near by residents could make instant coffee with the boiling waters from their well.

(The picture is Mrs. Kenneth Rush feeding chickens as the New Straitsville mine fire burns under her family's land, ca. 1930. Courtesy of the Ohio Historical Society- information from the Athens Historical Society and Little Cities of the Black Diamonds historian Cheryl Blosser )

Millfield Mining Disaster

“The Millfield Mine disaster is the greatest tragedy which has befallen the Hocking coal field, one of the oldest on the continent. It is appalling in its magnitude, so appalling that it has shocked the entire nation. It has stricken a district that has never known such stark tragedy, such loss of human life in a single catastrophe.” – The Athens Messenger, Nov.6, 1930

The Explosion

Sunday Creek Coal Company’s No. 6 mine was one of the largest mines in the Hocking Valley; in the fall of 1930 the mine employed over 800 men and produced 5,000 to 5,600 tons of coal a day.

On Oct. 31,1930 a state mining inspector discovered too much gas was accumulating in the No.6 mine, and he gave the company 10 days to get rid of it. The coal miners were aware that the mine was gaseous but were unaware of exactly how dangerous it was.

Five days later, November 5, 1930, began like any other day at the No. 6 mine with the day shift of about 260 miners arriving before sun up. Around 11:00 am executives from the company and other officials were examining the ventilating system- a new air shaft and fan that had just been completed and installed in the mine.

Around 11:50 an explosion went of inside the mine tearing away rock, throwing steel rails hundreds of feet, knocking eight-ton motors off their tracks and sending the weightless miners flying. Some miners, almost 100, miraculously were able to scramble out of the mine through airshafts, the main shaft and anyway possible.

A second blast, fueled by coal dust, followed the first explosion. This explosion created an underground cloud of damp (carbon monoxide gas). Despite the poisonous gas 60 more men managed to stumble out of the mine.

Others who were still trapped tried to cover their faces with shirts, or create a barrier to keep the toxic gas from killing them.

The Aftermath

By noon someone had run into the schoolhouse informing everyone inside that there had been an explosion at No.6. Members of the community rushed to the mine immediately to put together rescue operations. Some men who previously escaped the mine, ran back inside to assist others.

As news of the disaster spread help came from all over. Doctors and ambulances came from all the surrounding towns, including Athens. A train of doctors, nurses and medical supplies was sent from Columbus. The U.S. Bureau of Mines sent rescue personnel and equipment from Pittsburgh. Aid and workers came from the Ohio National Guard, the Red Cross, the Salvation Army, the American Legion and Ohio University. Eventually all roads leading into Millfield were closed.

When the smoke had cleared enough for rescuers to enter the mine the goal was to look for survivors, and collect the bodies of the diseased later.

Eleven hours after the explosion no men had been found, leaving those above ground and rescuers below nearly hopeless. Nineteen men however were still alive. Around midnight the last survivors were found and brought to the surface.

Bodies of corpses were recovered hours later, and a makeshift morgue was set up inside the company store.

Eighty-two men died in the accident making it the worst mining disaster in Ohio history. The tragedy left behind 154 fatherless children and 59 widows. Fourteen families lost more then one family member; father and son Andy Kish, and Andy Kish Jr. bodies were found in each other’s arms.

A committee, appointed by the state and federal government to determine the cause of the explosion, concluded the collapse of a mine roof that bore electric wires to track rails caused a short and set off a pocket of gas that had collected. The committee however had no hard evidence and the cause of the explosion was just a guess.

Survivors Stories

Walter Border-“We had just been called to 7 east. I stooped over to throw the switch of the car and was knocked down. I thought I had touched a live wire. I got up, but was knocked down a second time by a blast of hot air. I remember being knocked down three times. When I woke up after the third time I must have been 125 feet away from the spot where the explosion first hit me. When I came to, a hot breeze was rushing through the tunnel. I buried my face in the dirt to get away from the gas. After a few minutes the billow of hot gas had passed over and the air became purer. I heard Olbers, my buddy, a few feet from me. We started the long walk of about a mile. I had to be helped at times, and at times I helped others stumble along.”

John Dean- The mine boss recounted his experience of himself and 18 other men who bratticed themselves into a room. “As soon as I saw what had happened, we got into the crossover between 11 and 12 west and started putting up brattice cloth to keep out the gas.” Dean recalled two men, William Messenger and Alfred Wade leaving the group around 1:30 in an attempt to get out of the mine. Dean went to find the pair a half hour later. “They were calling for help, but I was too weak to carry them, when I went back around 3:00 they were dead.” Dean then returned to the completed brattice cloth barrier and collapsed.

James Norton- The only man of the 19, to stay conscious through the entire event. “I heard men bratticing up the passage ways so that air could be sent through the main entry to clear the way for entry work. I pulled away a corner of the brattice cloth and started to whistle. In a few minutes they heard me and three men came up.”

Sigmund Kozma- the last living survivor from the disaster. Kozma’s story can be seen Justin Zimmerman’s documentary film.

Historical testimony of Border, Dean and Norton are excerpts from “ Keeping the Home Fires Burning: A book about the Coal Mines” by Damon D. Watkins

The Deceased

On May 25,1975 Millfield Mine Memorial Committee dedicated a monument remembering the disaster. Engraved on a seven-foot memorial were the names of the 82 men who died during the accident.

* next to the name of the executives who passed, including the Sunday Creek Coal Company president, and vice president.

• Roy Andrews
• Joseph A. Bergin *
• Delmar Bower
• John Bower
• George Brown
• Sam Brown
• William Brown
• Paul Burgess
• Alex Burmich
• Joe Butsko
• John Butsko
• Andy C. Bycofski
• Michael Clancy
• William Clancy
• Pearl A. Coen*
• Frank Davis
• Clyde Dean
• Paul Erwin
• Phil Erwin
• Silas Erwin
• Ben Fielder
• James Genise
• John Green
• Charles Grimm
• Miles Grimm
• Thomas Harley
• Walter Hayden
• John Hillen
• Charles Hoops
• Eram Hovath
• Charles Hunter
• Ray Hunter
• James Hurd
• Joseph Jackson
• Frank Kearns
• George Keish
• Stanley Keish
• William Keish
• Andy Kish Jr.
• Andy Kish Sr.
• Hubert Lanchaster*
• Emerson LeFever
• George Love
• James A. Lyons
• James Martin
• John McAllister
• Cam F. McGe
• Earl McGee
• Elsworth McGee
• George McLean
• Ed McManaway
• William Messenger
• Harry Milliron
• John Nadroski
• James North
• Wilber North
• William R. Parry
• Robert Parsons*
• John Patterson
• Floyd Pettett
• Thomas Peyatt
• William Peyatt
• Virgil Phillips
• Phil Powell
• Abe Rankins
• Vernon Roberts *
• Carl Robinett
• Charles Sycks
• Harry Sycks
• George Thomas
• Andy Tonak
• Thomas Trainer*
• William E. Tytus*
• Walter Undervitch
• Howard H. Upon*
• Alfred Wade
• Luther Wade
• John Weiss
• John Williams
• Andrew Willis
• Oscar Willis
• Virgil Willis

( Information from newspaper articles at the Athens Historical Society, and "Keeping the Home Fires Burning: A book about the Coal Mines")